The Life of the Roman Poet Ovid

Publius Ovidius Naso, known as Ovid, was a prolific Roman poet whose writing influenced Chaucer, Shakespeare, Dante, and Milton. As those men knew, to understand the corpus of Greco-Roman mythology requires familiarity with Ovids Metamorphoses. Ovids Upbringing Publius Ovidius Naso or Ovid was born on March 20, 43 BCE*, in Sulmo (modern Sulmona, Italy), to an equestrian (moneyed class) family**. His father took him and his one-year-older brother to Rome to study so that they might become public speakers and politicians. Instead of following the career path chosen by his father, Ovid made good use of what hed learned, but he put his rhetorical education to work in his poetic writing. Ovids Metamorphoses Ovid wrote his Metamorphoses in the epic meter of dactyllic hexameters. It tells stories about the transformations of mostly humans and nymphs into animals, plants, etc. This is very different from the contemporary Roman poet Vergil (Virgil), who used the grand epic meter to showcase the noble history of Rome. Metamorphoses is a storehouse for Greek and Roman mythology. Ovid as a Source for Roman Social Life The topics of Ovids love-based poetry, especially the Amores Loves and Ars Amatoria Art of Love, and his work on the days of the Roman calendar, known as Fasti, give us a look at the social and private lives of ancient Rome in the time of Emperor Augustus. From the perspective of Roman history, Ovid is, therefore, one of the most important of the Roman poets, even though there is debate as to whether he belongs to the Golden or merely the Silver Age of Latin literature. Ovid as Fluff John Porter says of Ovid: Ovids poetry is often dismissed as frivolous fluff, and to a large degree it is. But it is very sophisticated fluff and, if read carefully, presents interesting insights into the less serious side of the Augustan Age. Carmen et Error and the Resulting Exile Ovids plaintive appeals in his writing from exile at Tomi [see  § He on the map], on the Black Sea, are less entertaining than his mythological and amatory writing and are also frustrating because, while we know Augustus exiled a 50-year-old Ovid for carmen et error, we dont know exactly what his grave mistake was, so we get an unsolvable puzzle and a writer consumed with self-pity who once was the height of wit, a perfect dinner party guest. Ovid says he saw something he should not have seen. It is assumed that the carmen et error had something to do with Augustus moral reforms and/or the princeps promiscuous daughter Julia. [Ovid had acquired the patronage of M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus (64 BCE - CE 8), and become part of the lively social circle around Augustus daughter Julia.] Augustus banished his granddaughter Julia and Ovid in the same year, CE 8. Ovids Ars amatoria, a didactic poem purporting to instruct first men and then women on the arts of seduction, is thought to hav e been the offensive song (Latin: carmen). Technically, since Ovid had not lost his possessions, his relegation to Tomi should not be called exile, but relegatio. Augustus died while Ovid was in relegation or exile, in CE 14. Unfortunately for the Roman poet, the successor of Augustus, Emperor Tiberius, did not recall Ovid. For Ovid, Rome was the glittering pulse of the world. Being stuck, for whatever reasons, in what is modern Romania led to despair. Ovid died three years after Augustus, at Tomi, and was buried in the area. Ovids Writing Chronology Amores (c. 20 BCE)HeroidesMedicamina faciei femineaeArs Amatoria (1 BCE)MedeaRemedia AmorisFastiMetamorphoses (finished by CE 8)Tristia (starting CE 9)Epistulae ex Ponto (starting CE 9) Notes *Ovid was born a year after the assassination of Julius Caesar and in the same year that Mark Antony was defeated by consuls C. Vibius Pansa and A. Hirtius at Mutina. Ovid lived through the entire reign of Augustus, dying 3 years into Tiberius reign. Timeline of the End of the Roman RepublicRoman Empire Timeline **Ovids equestrian family had made it to the senatorial ranks since Ovid writes in Tristia iv. 10.29 that he put on the broad stripe of the senatorial class when he donned the manly toga. See: S.G. Owens Tristia: Book I (1902). References Porter, John, Ovid Notes.Sean Redmond, Ovid FAQ, Jiffy Comp.

Biography of Ernest Hemingway Essay - 1257 Words

â€Å"They only want to kill when they’re alone. Of course, if you went in there you’d probably detach one of them from the herd, and he’d be dangerous (Hemingway).† This quote, from Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, was one of his many pieces of work that helped light the way for new authors. Hemingway believed that minimal details created a better story, leaving mysteries for readers to solve on their own. Hemingway described his style as the Iceberg Theory. Hemingway deserves to be in the literary canon because he is a master of diction, his stories are unique and original, and he developed a new writing style that many authors still use today. Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois. His mother was very†¦show more content†¦Hemingway portrays this image through his characters which can only be described as larger than life. â€Å"Typical characters, they are usually tough men, experienced in the hard world s they inhabit, and not given to emotional display or sensitive shrinking (Warren 3).† The best way to describe most of Hemingway’s characters would be the perfect image of a man. When confronted with a challenge, they would fight through or go down on their own terms. Hemingway’s characters where in a way the spitting image of him. In many of his books Hemingway’s characters followed a code, â€Å"If they are to be defeated, they are defeated upon their own terms; some of them have even courted their defeat (Warren 3).† When Hemingway grew older, he thought he was losing his ability to write. When the day finally came when he thought he had lost all his talent, he killed himself. Hemingway wanted to live his life like the characters he wrote about and decided to end his life before he become engulfed in failure or defeat (amsaw.org, 5). Hemingway had a very rough love life, often ending in divorce and heartbreak. His first heartbreak came during World War 1 when he fell in love with an English nurse who ended up leaving him for another man. Hemingway wrote about his pain in his book, A Farewell to Arms. Just like his experience, he â€Å"tells the story of a tragically terminated love affair between an American soldier and an English nurse,Show MoreRelatedErnest Hemingway: A Brief Biography 1210 Words   |  5 PagesErnest Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois in 1899. He was a writer who started his career with a newspaper office in Kansas City when he was seventeen. When the United States got involved in the First World War, Hemingway joined with a volunteer ambulance unit in the Italian army. During his service, he was wounded, and was decorated by the Italian Government. Upon his return to the United States, he was employed by Canadian and American newspapers as a reporter, and sent back to EuropeRea d More Biography of Ernest Hemingway Essay3737 Words   |  15 PagesBiography of Ernest Hemingway Certainly there is no hunting like the hunting of man and those who have hunted armed men long enough and liked it, never really care for anything else thereafter. You will meet them doing various things with resolve, but their interest rarely holds because after the other thing ordinary life is as flat as the taste of wine when the taste buds have been burned off your tongue. (On the Blue Water in Esquire, April 1936) A legendary novelist, short-storyRead More Biography of Ernest Miller Hemingway Essay3798 Words   |  16 PagesBiography of Ernest Miller Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American novelist, journalist, writer of short stories, and winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize for literature. He created a distinguished body of prose fiction, much of it based on adventurous life. He was born on July 21, 1899, the second of six children, in Oak Park, Ill., in a house built by his widowed grandfather, Ernest Hall. Oak Park was a Protestant, upper middle class suburb of Chicago. He died on July 2, 1961. EarlyRead MoreTaking a Look at Ernest Hemingway1167 Words   |  5 PagesErnest Hemingway Research Paper Ernest Hemingway was an extraordinary individual. There was a lot more to his life than most readers know about. His writing was influenced by the lifestyle that he led. Hemingway was an adventurous person that liked to live life to its fullest. Just like everyone, he made decisions that were both good and bad, and his decisions and actions shaped his writing style. Hemmingway found a great deal of success and his career was topped off with him being awarded theRead MoreThe Life of Ernest Hemingway Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesErnest Hemingway â€Å"But man is not made for defeat, he said. A man can be destroyed but not defeated.† (Hemingway, 29). This is one of the lines that Ernest Hemingway uses in one of his books, titled, â€Å"The Old Man and The Sea.† It was published in 1952, and was awarded the Pulitzer Prize the following year. The story of an old fishermans journey, his long and lonely struggle with a fish and the sea, was considered to be the most popular of all his works. Fortunately for this well-known author, heRead More Ernets Hemingway Essay example1287 Words   |  6 Pages Ernest Hemingway I.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Introduction to Ernest Hemingway II.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Life and Times A.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Early Life 1.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Birth 2.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Parents 3.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Influences 4.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Siblings 5.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hobbies B.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Adulthood 1.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;War 2.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Influences 3.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;MarriageRead MoreThe Clouded Life Of Ernest Hemingway2032 Words   |  9 PagesThe Clouded Life of Ernest Hemingway â€Å"Every man s life ends the same way. It is only the details of how he lived and how he died that distinguish one man from another,† (Hemingway). The details of Ernest Hemingway’s life are nothing short of remarkable. The dash between the dates on his gravestone more than distinguish him from the notable mid-century authors he competed with. The life and works of Hemingway has stimulated the minds of people all over the world for the last one-hundred and sixteenRead MoreA Farewell To Arms By Ernest Hemingway Analysis1694 Words   |  7 Pagesthe way they wish they could. One example of this is in Ernest Hemingway’s novel, A Farewell To Arms. The brave World War One ambulance driver, Frederic Henry, shares many traits with the esteemed author. It’s almost like he’s the Batman to Hemingway’s Bruce Wayne. Hemingway often wrote from experience, whether it was drawing upon his experience at a bullfight or even writing about his time spent on the Italian front (Ernest Hemingway Biography ~ World War I 1). He shares several experiences withRead MoreTo Let The Air In964 Words   |  4 Pageshousewife, the mother and the submissive doormat to more empowering trajectories. Many debatable issues surround women’s campaign of liberties including the broadly debated right to decide who has ultimate say in regards of getting an abortion. Ernest Hemingway wrote a story called, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† that conveyed the viewpoint of females centered around the topic . Well into character’s development the reader sees Jig’s ability to come to her own decision about the procedure and submit toRead MoreErnest Hemingway And Frederick Henry1754 Words   |  8 PagesErnest Hemingway and Frederick Henry: Author and Fictional Character, Alike yet Different It can be said that all fiction is autobiographical in that no matter how different from the author’s life experience it may be, marks of their life can be found in any of their works and characters. One such example is Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, which is largely based on Hemingway’s own personal life experiences. Frederick Henry, the main character in the story, experiences many of the same situations

Causes and Effects of Cancer Free Essays

In the human body, cells are constantly going through the cell cycle. An Important step of the cell cycle Is called mitosis, In which the cell (referred to as the parent cell) undergoes a series of steps that lead to the formation of two daughter cells. This process only occurs In somatic cells, which are any nongamete cells. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes and Effects of Cancer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gametes are haploid (containing only half of a full chromosome set, 23 chromosomes vs. a diploid’s 46) cells in the form of sperm (males) or ovum (females). Some areas of the body undergo very little mitotic division at all, such as muscles and nervous tissue. Other areas undergo mitotic division in response to a growth factor, which is a signal to cells of a specific area to begin mitosis. This growth factor is released into the extracellular fluid in certain portions of the body in response to four basic stimuli: growth, repair, asexual reproduction, and regeneration. In humans, growth and repair are the prevalent stimuli. Growth dictates the maturation of an organism during a specific period of time†known as puberty in humans. Repair, on the other and, occurs when an organism sustains an injury such as a laceration, in which mitotic division occurs to create a blood clot to seal the wound, and epithelial cells undergo the process as well to recreate the skin cells that were destroyed. To control the rate ot mitotic cell division, the body uses growth signals and antigrowth signals. cancerous cells are those that Ignore antgrowth signals, and can continue to replicate without growth factors. After a certain amount of rnltotlc dlvlslons, the telomeres In cells shorten until there Is none, and programmed apoptosis†cell death †occurs. Cancer cells elongate their telomeres, and so can also replicate almost indefinitely. When these cells start to build up, they form a mass called a tumor. Tumors can either be benign or malignant. Benign tumors on the skin have hair growth and clean edges, whereas malignant tumors do not and are cancerous. The condition can worsen if any cells from a malignant tumor detach and travel to other parts of the body through the circulatory or lymphatic systems. The tumor will then begin growing in the location where the cell ends up. nd can be fatal In certain organs like the liver or the brain, What makes these cells especially dangerous is ngiogenesis, in which the blood vessels near a tumor grow to increase the blood supply to that area, providing necessary nutrients and oxygen to the cancerous cells and depriving nearby healthy cells. Cancerous cells also divide more frequently because the length of time a cell spends in Interphase†the â€Å"inactive† phase†is shorte ned. This becomes even more dangerous when considering that less time is spent on replicating the DNA so the daughter cells are more likely to have chromosomal disorders. 3. The article presents new evidence and viewpoints regarding the formauon of malignant tumors and cells. At first, In the 90s, It was elieved that cancer was â€Å"the result of cumulative mutations that alter specific locations In a cell’s DNA and thus change the particular proteins encoded by cancer- related genes at those spots. † Of course It Is already clear that certain substances, such as tobacco, asbestos, and UV radiation, are common cancer-causers (carcinogens). wnat Is Delng aeoatea, nowever, Is wnat erect tnese suostances nave on cells that cause malignancy in the first place†or†What makes these substances carcinogens? In regards to the DNA mutation theory, evidence stemmed from observations of tumor suppressors and oncogenes. These two genes inhibit a cells’ ability to divide, and stimulate growth respectively. DNA mutations would either disable tumor suppressors, or â€Å"permanently lock oncogenes into an active state. † While still supported by a few in the field, disagree. â€Å"No one questions that cancer is ultimately a disease of the DNA. † There are, however, a substantial amount of other factors that have been observed to vary between normal and cancerous genes. Opponents of the dogma feel that â€Å"Cancer is a consequence of a chaotic process, a combination of Murphys Law and Darwin’s law; anything that can go wrong will, and n a competitive environment, the best adapted survive and prosper. † Age is a significant risk factor for cancer, as it is for most diseases. The older you are, the more likely you are to be diagnosed with cancer. On hypothesis that differs from the cumulative-mutations theory says that there are five or six regulation systems that need to be affected in order for a cell to be malignant. These six â€Å"special abilities† are: growth in the absence of growth signals, continued growth despite anti-growth signals, evasions apoptosis, ability to coopt blood vessels to branch off towards the mass, near-indefinite replications, and metastasis. Of the six, it is metastasis that provides the most difficult aspect to counteract, as different drugs and treatment methods have to be utilized based on the region in which cancer is preset. For instance, chemotherapy is not very effective for bone cancer. Very few cells in a tumor have the ability to metastasize, however, once detected it is usually too late. â€Å"The prominent paradigm for 25 years has been that tumors grow in spurts of mutation and expansion. † Mutations affect genetic material in such a way that usual regulatory proteins are unable to be synthesized properly, or at all. Once mutated, cells then expand and replicate much faster than normal cells (explained in the background section). It is, however, much easier to permanently activate an oncogene than it is to suppress the tumor alleles (one mutation rather than two). It is, however, now believed that cancer is not Just caused from mutations to a few specific genes. If â€Å"Just a small fraction of the cells in a tumor are responsible for its growth and metastasis,† the â€Å"cure† for cancer is much more easily attainable. Seeing as mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells, DNA mutations present in the arent cells should also be observable in both daughter cells. Most tumors are not actually masses of identical clones; instead, there is an â€Å"amazing genetic diversity among their cells. While there are some commonly-mutated genes from cancer cell to cancer cell (like p53), â€Å"most other cancer genes are changed in only a small fraction of cancer types†¦ † Aneuploidy is a term describing abnormalities in chromosomes. â€Å"If you look at most solid tumors in adults, it looks like someone set Offa bomb in the nucleus†¦ there are big pieces of chromosomes hooked together and duplications or os ses of whole chromosomes. † The issue though, is that most cancer cells’s genomes are unstable as wells as aneuploid, and so the new introduced problem is whether mutations or aneuploidy occurs first in a cancerous cell. One of the three plausible answers is the modified dogma. This states that some external or internal factor disables the genes needed for synthesizing and repairing DNA, resulting in an ty to correct mutatlons tnat occur. Anotner optlon Is â€Å"early InstaDlllty,† statlng that there are specific master genes required for a cell to divide, and these are silenced. Thus, when chromosomes replicate and mistakes occur, the daughter cells fail to get the correct number of type of chromosomes. As replication continues, so do the â€Å"results† worsen. The last theory is the â€Å"all-aneuploidy’ theory, in which a cellular division error produced aneuploid daughter cells that have varying amounts of different genes. The specific genes that code for enzymes which correct DNA mutations are unable to be synthesized, and thus the DNA begins to fail and kill the aneuploid cells with it. 4. While on the longer side of the spectrum, Gibbs’ article is well-written, detailed, and incredibly informative. Above all, the article is also relevant†both to our current unit in AP Biology, and in the medical field. The article is about ten years old at this point, however, much, if not all, of the information described and provided is still highly accurate and in question today. While there have been numerous developments in the biotechnology fields specializing in treatment and detection of cancer, not many advancements have taken place in regards to identifying the reasons why certain substances are carcinogenic. Mitosis and meiosis are subjects that go hand in hand with cancer, as it is literally an ncontrolled amount of mitotic division, making the article easy to relate too. New terms such as oncogenes and tumor suppressors are well explained, and numerous links to previous material (such as protein synthesis and chromosomal disorders) can be made by any knowledgeable AP Biology student. Comprehension was not an issue whatsoever, and the article was wonderfully written as well as fascinating. That said, I would highly recommend the article to anyone†AP Biology student or otherwise, as it is informative in layman’s terms, as well as important in modern society. How to cite Causes and Effects of Cancer, Papers

Macbeth By William Shakespear Essay Example For Students

Macbeth By William Shakespear Essay William Shakespeare wrote Macbeth the play. Many directors in their own style have interpreted this play. I will be comparing two films played by different directors. Different directors make the two films. The two films are based on the same story but the differences occur in the way each director has interpreted the text. The traditional style of Macbeth was done by Roman Polanski and the modern version was done by Penny Woolcock. The traditional version was made in 1979 and the modern BBC vision was made in 1997. The traditional version was made in Scotland and the modern version was set in Ladywood in Birmingham. The actors used in the traditional version were pretty famous and known but in the modern version ordinary people who have little knowledge of acting play the characters. The traditional version was made for a worldwide audience and to be put on cinema. The modern version was made for the BBC to be put directly on TV for England. Both films tell a story of Macbeth. Three witches prophecy that he will be King and this leads him to kill Duncan the King of Scotland. He becomes more and more involved in murder and terrible deeds. He arranges for his friend Banquo to be murdered because he is afraid that Banquo s after sons will become Kings. Macbeth goes back to the witches who tell him that â€Å"no man of woman born will harm him and until Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane (his castle) he will not be harmed. Macbeth gets so obsessed with this prophecy that he has Macduff s wife and children murder. Lady Macbeth who encourages Macbeth to kill the King goes mad and dies. Then Macduff comes back to seek revenge for his family and kills Macbeth because Macduff was â€Å"from his mother’s womb untimely ripped†. The two films were set in very different settings. Polanski s Macbeth was set in the open countryside in Scotland and his castle was more like the setting of the play, which made it more traditional, and there were the mountains and woodlands where the whether created an atmosphere. By putting the music on in the background the weather was cloudy and made it look eirie. The witches where more traditional and lived in the moors. Whereas the BBC version is set in the Ladywood flats and local facilities we used as film sets such as the playgrounds and parks. Then made a very good use of outdoors and indoors. In the BBC version there is not much use of dark because most of it is going on in the light unlike the traditional version where they use light and dark wisely to reflect shadows of the wall. The music in the BBC Macbeth was more modern and the women sing the song â€Å"I will survive†. This is ironic because both of them die. In the traditional vision the witches music was out of tune and discordant, this is to make it sound more atmospheric and build up tension. In the traditional Macbeth the weapons were more to suit Shakespeare’s time. They used daggers, swords and armor whereas in the modern version they used knives and guns, which suit our time. The settings of these two films differ because Penny Woolcock thought that the greed and power that was wanted by Macbeth exists in modern society through gangsters. So she found the features and based it on a modern society whereas Roman Polanski thought it would only suit in the traditional form of the play. The budget for Roman Polanski would have been much larger than Penny Woolcock s because Penny Woolcock s vision was made to be put straight onto television and not for the big audience. So there were no special effects unlike in the traditional version where the film was for a worldwide audience and so to make it more interesting special effects were used and more money was spent to hire settings and weapons. .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d , .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d .postImageUrl , .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d , .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d:hover , .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d:visited , .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d:active { border:0!important; } .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d:active , .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u369c2aa4d611aa8b84925349986da65d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How might Shakespeare have directed this scene to appeal to his whole audience? EssayThe actors in the two films were very different to each other. The two directors had a very large difference in their budget. Polanski had a lot of spending money so he had the money to pay for some big famous actors and actresses but Penny Woolcock the BBC director had a lower budget and so the actors she used were less well-known and many local residents who weren t actors at all. In Polanski s version he chooses actors and with particular looks because they are more effective and look traditional like we would expect them to be instead of more modern like the BBC version. The traditional version used traditional clothes and there were no black actors in it, but in the BBC version they wear modern clothes and there are many black actors. Polanski s version was made in 1971 and their would not to be many black actors in England anyway and also it could be that Polanski wanted it to be very traditional and in the time it was set there would be no black people in Scotland. A modern production would be more likely to have and black actor s part of the community the modern vision was set in and the board also targets anti-racism to the people watching it on television. The witches is also differed in the two versions, in the traditional version they were old women like we would expect them to be with cauldrons. But in the modern vision they were three children, which is very shocking because children are supposed to be innocent and not evil. Out of the two types of witches I think the traditional ones are more effective because they are more like we would expect them to be found and looked more like witches. In Polanski s vision Macbeth dies in a sword fight with Macduff who was not born of a mother’s womb. There is a lot of violence and blood, they both get injured but at the end Macbeth s head gets chopped off and waved around on a stick. But in the BBC version he gets shot and dies very quick. Polanski uses a long ending with lots of violence and injuries and can also pay for the special effect when he Macbeth s head is put on a stick this is because it was for cinema they want to put some extra excitement and have a build up to the ending. Whereas the BBC did not have a large budget and so they did not have a long ending because they would not want to introduce too much violence into the film because it was for direct home viewing. I think Polanski s version of Macbeth was the best because it was more like what we would expect it to be, very traditional and had good special effects. Whereas the BBC’s version was not very exciting and was not really what I would expect it to be. The director had a different view of projecting her image of the story. She felt that the story of Macbeth could be found in modern society and so she was not afraid of putting her views forward. I also liked Polanski s version because it had good special effects and was more violent and interesting than the BBC s version.