Economics Theory Essay Example

Economics Theory Essay Example Economics Theory Essay Economics Theory Essay Economics Theory Name: Course: Institution: Instructor: Date: Economics Theory The cost of $6 per person in the community is a negative externality. This is an external costs caused by the building of the water park. This is a negative externality because it involves added costs to the community. Additionally, the people within the community where this park will be built are third parties and do not incur costs or benefits directly (Keppler, 2007). These costs are not compensated by the city council. Negative Externality S= MC Equilibrium P S1= MC-X D= MB Q1 Q* Q The per-unit amount of the externality is the amount of the positive or negative externality realized for every unit of good produced by the council. In this case, the product is the water park that will increase the traffic. The negative per-unit amount of externality is $2. When businesses realize increased security at night as well as the surrounding, this will be a benefit from the water park. Additionally, with a benefit of $3 for every person attending the water park, the positive externality is realized (Mankiw, 2011). Therefore, this is a positive externality since the city council will not be refunded the money, and neither will the neighboring surrounding and businesses have to pay for the extra benefits realized from increased traffic and security at night. The per-unit amount for both externalities is $2. One way of solving the negative externality for this project is having the city council compensate for the added costs to the community by reducing some of the services it renders to people. Alternatively, it should also be required the community the same amount of money. Therefore, this can be added back to its marginal costs. For the positive externality, people or community should seek to increase it through means such as pushing for subsidies to have the goods at a cheaper price. This would increase the benefits for the whole community. References Keppler, J. H. (2007). Theory and Measurement of Externalities. University Paris-Dauphine. Mankiw, N.G. (2011). Principles of economics. New York, N.Y: Cengage Learning.

Using Classroom Journals to Improve ESL Writing Skills Research Paper

Using Classroom Journals to Improve ESL Writing Skills - Research Paper Example The emergence of ESL programs as a school requirement, as Giridharan & Robson (n.d.) stated, has been influenced by the lack of competence of most foreign students in academic writing, which usually affects their academic performance. This is especially true for tertiary education in which students are expected to â€Å"advance their own ideas within a framework of domain or discipline knowledge and engage the reader in academic discourse† (Giridharan & Robson, n.d., p. 1). Therefore, ESL has been created to help U.S. students attain educational proficiency standards. Celic (2009), furthermore, stressed that the key to establishing effective teaching skills lies in combining proper teaching tools with strategic and results-driven teaching styles. Through ESL programs, therefore, students are not only able to enhance their academic performance, they also gain confidence to better understand, relate, and interact in their specific social environments (Smith, Vellenga et. al., 2006). Thus, it is the feeling of authentic belongingness that ESL hopes to give to its students for them to get fully immersed in the country’s culture, values, and society. The difficulty in teaching ESL writing, as most researchers today claim, lies not on the stark differences among the students’ learning abilities but on the choice of the proper approach through which writing must be taught. In this regard, ESL practitioners have recognized the two primary schools of thought for teaching ESL writing. The first one teaches writing through a systemized and process-driven approach. Proponents of this school of thought believe that by exposing the students to specific writing steps (from researching of the topic to revising the written material in accordance to grammar and syntax), they are able to develop a proper and more  disciplined manner of writing.

Kingston-Galloway Neighborhood and Its Peculiarities Assignment

Kingston-Galloway Neighborhood and Its Peculiarities - Assignment Example It must be underlined that â€Å"the population of Kingston-Galloway is 28,042 people† [Hayes D., 2008] in their diversity of nationalities.  On the one hand, Scarborough is one of the most beautiful, green and livable territories in Toronto. Consequently, Kingston-Galloway neighbourhood as its part can be recognized as a good place to give birth and raise children. On the other hand due to the settlement of the black, Hindus, Tamils, and the crime situation it is not attractive to stay there (although the white live in the district too). So the result is that such surroundings are not able to be a priority to encourage people to do their best in rising of a population. As for the statistic data given readers by workers of the University of Toronto, Deborah Coven and Vanessa Parlette (they both were active in community projects in Kingston-Galloway for five years), Kingston-Galloway â€Å"had a population of 31,715 in 1971, and 40,846 in 2006† [Cowen D., Paulette V., June 2011] in comparison. Furthermore, we can analyze the percentage of population growth up during these years which is small - 7 % in 1971 and 11% in 2006 respectively. Probably a certain effect has a bad level of life in this district. The figures speak for themselves - Kingston-Galloway has â€Å"†¦the highest concentration of subsidized housing in all of Ontario, 42% of all families with children are lone-parent families – much greater than the Toronto average† [Shark S., 2009]. All these facts depict not so optimistic financial situation in the neighbourhood. When people have good living conditions and confidence in the future they can afford themselves to have children. As we see there is no positive picture in this aspect in Kingston-Galloway. Moreover, the statistics say that household income has dropped 35% from 1971 till 2006 years. Still, there is some successful tendency in the development of social life norms in Kingston-Galloway. The main achievement is the organization of the Storefront, an interaction group which consists of service providers and people of the district.  Ã‚  

Social venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social venture - Essay Example Through the efforts of volunteers, the food collected are â€Å"sort, repack and shelve almost 400 tons of food at our warehouse every week, doing the work of what would be about 50 full-time employees† San Francisco Food Bank (2011). This makes the organisation boast of close to two million pounds of food in their warehouse. These pounds of food are given back to society by delivering them to over four hundred local non-profit making organisations who for various reasons may be in need of the food. Social Problems and Challenges addressed by San Francisco Food Bank As its name suggest, the social problem addressed by San Francisco Food Bank is hunger reduction and provision of food to feed the masses. This social problem addressed by the organisation cannot be described with any other words better than saying it is a course in the right direction. The decision to tackle food related problem is particularly important noting the fact that scholars shuch as Abraham Maslow recogn ises food as the number one need of humanity. This way, it is true to conclude that San Francisco Food Bank tackles the most important social problem of humanity. The basis on which the organisation operates in this venture of social problem is seen in its mission statement, which is stated as â€Å"We provide food to over 24,000 households in San Francisco and Marin counties each week. We will distribute 41.5 million pounds of food to the community this year, enough to feed 88,000 meals every day† (Charity Navigator, 2011). Clearly, the figure of 88,000 meals everyday is awesome and needful. Inversely, the city of San Francisco would have 88,000 meals missed every day and some 24,000 households would have suffered empty stomach but for San Francisco Food Bank. Strategies used in addressing social problems The major strategy used by San Francisco Food Bank in the jurisdiction of its social mission is volunteerism and fundraising. According to the organisation, they â€Å"rel y on volunteers like you to help sort, package and distribute healthy food to people in need in San Francisco† (San Francisco Food Bank (2011). Volunteerism is also seen in the acquisition of the food in the organisation’s ‘food bank’. This way, the company acknowledges the fact that â€Å"this can include test-marketed products, items close to code date, produce that is the wrong shape or size for conventional markets and excess. Food drives are an important source of variety.† Day in an out, the organisation through mass media advertisement and publicity programs solicit for the inclusion of the ordinary San Franciscan in its volunteer activities. The organisation also organises fundraising events that aims at soliciting for physical cash for the running of the organisation. Scrutiny of San Francisco Food Bank’s Strategies in addressing Social Problems – including Projected Social Impact The major strength of San Francisco Food Bankâ €™s strategy for addressing its social interventions is that the work output of the company is extremely large to be undertaken by regularly and fully employed workers, especially as the organisation is only a non-profit making venture. Volunteerism is chosen by the organisation purposely because the work load on the organisation is extremely tedious and vast. Needing to feed over 24,000 households with 41.5 million poun

Scapegoats for Society :: Expository Essays Research Papers

Scapegoats for Society In the last decade or so, and especially since the shootings in Columbine and various other schools, people have been up in arms about violence and sex in movies, television, music and video games. New restrictions have been put on most of these media forms, or at the very least, old restrictions are enforced more rigidly. Rating systems have been put into effect for television and video games, and warnings have been put on music that sometimes isn’t even all that offensive. While many of these precautions are justified, I believe that blaming terrible incidents like Columbine on these media is just passing the buck, and ultimately avoiding the real issues at hand. Ever since Clark Gable said the word damn in Gone With The Wind in 1939, movies have pushed the boundaries of what our society considers to be acceptable. As our society becomes more desensitized to sex, foul language and violence, movies are going to have to try even harder to push the limits. One might ask,  "Why do film makers try to surprise audiences with more â€Å"offensive† content in movies?" They continue to make movies more graphic because that is what will make money. Even if action movies don’t have much of a presence in the top ten highest grossing movies of all time, a good action movie will generally more than break even. Whether the customers are bloodthirsty action movie fans, or censorship advocates watching just to see what filth is being produced, sex and violence sell. Many movies that are more artistic use violence to make intriguing social commentary, or to tell an important historical story. For example, powerful movies like American History X, a story about a young man who has grown up as a Neo-Nazi, and later sees the error of his ways, (by the way, this is an amazing movie, and if you haven’t seen it you really should) can change people’s lives forever, but could not make nearly as strong a statement without using violence as a story telling tool. War movies would also be rather ineffective without showing the death and destruction that surround war. Another industry that has received its share of baseless blame for violence in the last several years is the video game industry. For years, mothers around the world have told their kids that video games were a waste of time, money and brain power.

Study Guide Mis 691 Chapter 2

Study Guide MIS 691 Midterm Chapter 2 2. 2 Entity: One theme or topic; something of importance to a user that needs to be represented in a database. In the entity-relationship model, entities are restricted to things that can be represented by a single table. An example of this is in the EMPLOYEE table; data about the entity (the employee) is in the table rows and data about the entity’s attributes are in the rows. 2. List the characteristics a table must have to be a relation: * Each row of the table holds data that pertain to some entity or a portion of some entity * Each column contains data of the attributes of the entity * The cells must hold a single value; no repeating elements * All of the entries in any column must be the same kind * Each column must have a unique name and the column order is unimportant * The order of the rows in unimportant * No two rows in the table may hold identical data values 2. 0 Define the term unique key and give an example: A key that defin es a unique row. An example of a unique key in the EMPLOYEE table is EmployeeNumber; the query of any EmployeeNumber (223 for example) will only produce a single row and data for one employee. 2. 11 Non-unique key: A key that potentially identifies more than one row. In the EMPLOYEE table from our book, Department is a non-unique key because it identifies several rows. 2. 12 Give an example of a relation with a unique composite key: A composite key contains two or more attributes.An example of a unique composite key in the EMPLOYEE table is if we combined LastName, FirstName, and Department as a key; these three attributes combined would insure that we would identify only one row. 2. 13 Explain the difference between a primary key and a candidate key: Candidate keys are keys that uniquely identify each row in a relation. They can be single or composite. The primary key is the candidate key that is chosen as the key that the DBMS will use to uniquely identify each row. 2. 5 What is a surrogate key and under what circumstances would you use one? A surrogate key is a column with a unique, DBMS-assigned identifier that has been added to a table to be the primary key. You would use a surrogate key when the primary key in the table is not ideal. You add a surrogate because it is short, numeric, and will never change – it is an ideal primary key. 2. 20 Define the term referential integrity restraint and give an example: A relationship constraint on foreign key values.A referential integrity constraint specifies that the values of a foreign key must be a proper subset of the values of the primary key to which it refers. In the EMPLOYEE table: the value of Department should match a value of DepartmentName in the DEPARTMENT table. 2. 21 Explain the three possible interpretations of a null value: 1. It could mean that no value is appropriate 2. It might mean that the value is known to be blank (intentionally left blank) 3. It may mean that the value is unknown 2. 4 Name the functional dependency and identify the determinants of: Area = Length x Width Area is functionally dependent upon Length and Width or that the composite of Length and Width are determinants of Area 2. 31 Describe the nature and purpose of the normalization process: Normalization is breaking up tables with more than one theme into sets of tables that have one theme each. You have to do this so that there isn’t repeat information in a table and so there are no modification or deletion issues.Normalization: Normalization is the process of breaking a table with one or more theme into a set of tables such that each only has one theme. You need to create a well-formed relation: 1. Every determinant must be a candidate key 2. Any relation that is not well-formed should be broken into two or more relations that are well-formed The Normalization Process: 1. Indentify all of the candidate keys 2. Indentify all of the functional dependencies 3. Examine the dereminants of the functional dependencies.If any determinant is not a candidate key, the relation is not well-formed. In this case: a. Place the columns of the functional dependency in a new relation of their own b. Make the determinant of the functional dependacy the primary key of the new relation c. Leave a copy of the determinat as a foreign key in the original relation d. Create a referential integrity constraint between the orginal and the new relation. 4. Repeat step 3 until every key is a candidate key

Symptoms And Treatment Of Botox Essay - 1114 Words

Introduction What is the first thing that comes to your head when I mention the word Botox. Patients who choose to receive cosmetic improvements usually obtain the stereotype as either wealthy or a famous celebrity. However, according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons 2015 Plastic Surgery Statistics Report, $13.3 billion dollars were spent on cosmetic procedures in the US; which has increased 4% since 2014. (American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2015) Not only has this injection been used to enhance a man or woman’s appearance but it also serves as a major anti-depressant agent and drug for those suffering with chronic migraines. Last year, the total expenditure for cosmetic surgeons reached a high number of $13,383,178,199. (American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2015) This massive total was just from US boarders alone. Botox is a cosmetic improvement technique that is used throughout the world and continues to expand its’ uses and patient population. (Transition: I will now start by clarifying the method that is applied during Botox) I. Botox is a therapeutic agent that comes from the bacteria known as Clostridium Botulinum or Botulinum Toxin Type A. A. Botox is a man-made treatment that is injected into patients that causes temporary paralysis of muscles. 1. To avoid side effects and receive optimal results a technique called skin needling is used. a. Skin needling involves injecting collagen into patients to improve appearance and contraction of muscles.Show MoreRelatedAdults Who Suffer From Chronic Migraine1701 Words   |  7 Pages†¢ Population- Adults who suffer from chronic migraine. †¢ Intervention- Onabotulinum toxin A [botox]. †¢ Comparison- Botox injections versus topiramate as prophylactic therapy for chronic migraine. †¢ Outcome- Efficacy of botox as a prophylactic therapy for chronic migraine patients. 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